物理 【论坛资料室】英语的动词不定式

好的,英语中的动词不定式 (Infinitive) 是最基本的动词非谓语形式之一,通常由 to + 动词原形
构成(例如:to be
, to have
, to do
, to go
, to study
)。它保留了动词的某些特性(可以带宾语、状语),同时也具有名词、形容词或副词的性质,在句子中充当多种成分。
以下是动词不定式的核心要点总结:
基本形式:
to + 动词原形
:这是最标准、最完整的形式(称为to-infinitive
)。省略
to
的形式 (Bare Infinitive):在某些特定动词、情态动词或结构后,to
需要省略(详见下文第7点)。
语法功能 (在句中充当的成分):
作主语:
To learn a new language takes time and effort.
(学习一门新语言需要时间和精力。)To see is to believe.
(眼见为实。)常用形式:
It is + 形容词/名词 + to do sth.
(用it
作形式主语)It is important to practice every day.
(每天练习很重要。)It is my dream to travel around the world.
(环游世界是我的梦想。)
作宾语: 跟在某些及物动词后面。
She wants to buy a new car.
(她想买辆新车。)He decided to study abroad.
(他决定出国留学。)They hope to finish the project soon.
(他们希望尽快完成项目。)常见后接不定式作宾语的动词:
want, hope, decide, plan, agree, promise, refuse, offer, learn, manage, fail, seem, appear, afford, choose, expect, pretend, wish, would like, etc.
作宾语补足语: 跟在某些动词的宾语后面,补充说明宾语的动作或状态。常用动词有:
ask, tell, want, expect, encourage, advise, invite, warn, allow, permit, forbid, force, cause, enable, persuade, remind, teach, etc.
He asked me to help him.
(他请我帮助他。)The teacher encouraged us to ask questions.
(老师鼓励我们提问。)They don't allow people to smoke here.
(他们不允许人们在这里吸烟。)
作表语 (主语补足语): 放在系动词(通常是
be
)后面,说明主语的内容。My goal is to become a doctor.
(我的目标是成为一名医生。)The most important thing is to stay calm.
(最重要的事情是保持冷静。)
作定语: 放在名词或代词后面修饰它,通常表示“要做...的”。
I have a lot of work to do.
(我有很多工作要做。) -> 修饰work
She is the best person to ask for advice.
(她是征求意见的最佳人选。) -> 修饰person
Is there anything to eat?
(有什么吃的吗?) -> 修饰anything
作状语: 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,表示目的、结果、原因等。
表目的 (最常用):
in order to/so as to
更正式强调目的。He went to the library (in order) to study.
(他去图书馆(为了)学习。)We eat to live, not live to eat.
(我们吃饭是为了活着,活着不是为了吃饭。)
表结果 (常与
too...to
,enough to
,only to
等结构连用):She is too young to understand.
(她太小了,无法理解。)He is old enough to drive.
(他年龄够大了,可以开车了。)I arrived at the station only to find the train had left.
(我赶到车站,结果却发现火车已经开走了。)
表原因 (常跟在表示情感的形容词后):
I'm glad to see you.
(很高兴见到你。)She was surprised to hear the news.
(她听到这个消息很惊讶。)We were sorry to learn about your loss.
(得知你的损失我们很抱歉。)
动词不定式的时态和语态:
不定式本身没有绝对的时态,但它可以相对于主句动词表示不同的时间关系,并有主动和被动形式。形式 主动语态 被动语态 说明 一般式 to do to be done 动作与谓语动词同时发生或在之后发生。 完成式 to have done to have been done 动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。 进行式 to be doing (较少用) 强调动作在谓语动词发生时正在进行。 完成进行式 to have been doing (极少用) 动作在谓语动词之前一直在进行。 例句:
He seems to know the answer.
(一般主动) (他好像知道答案。)The book is said to be translated into many languages.
(一般被动) (据说这本书被翻译成了多种语言。)I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.
(完成主动) (很抱歉让你久等了。 - 让你等发生在抱歉之前)The house seems to have been painted recently.
(完成被动) (这房子好像最近刚被粉刷过。 - 粉刷发生在“好像”之前)He pretended to be reading when I came in.
(进行主动) (我进来时他假装在看书。 - 强调“看书”动作当时正在进行)
疑问词 + 动词不定式:
疑问代词 (who
,what
,which
) 或疑问副词 (when
,where
,how
) 后接不定式,构成名词性短语,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等。相当于一个名词性从句的简化。I don't know what to do.
(宾语) (我不知道该做什么。 = I don't know what I should do.)Can you tell me how to get to the station?
(宾语) (你能告诉我怎么去车站吗?)The question is where to find him.
(表语) (问题是在哪里能找到他。)When to start has not been decided.
(主语) (什么时候开始还没决定。)
动词不定式的否定式:
在to
前面直接加not
或never
。Try not to be late.
(尽量别迟到。)He promised never to lie again.
(他承诺再也不撒谎了。)It's important not to give up.
(重要的是不要放弃。)
分裂不定式 (Split Infinitive):
有时为了强调或避免歧义,会将副词放在to
和动词原形之间(如to boldly go
)。虽然传统语法认为不太规范,但在现代英语中,尤其在口语和文学中,已被广泛接受和使用,只要不影响理解即可。写作中需酌情使用。He decided to quickly finish the report.
(他决定快速完成报告。) (更自然强调“快速”)Our mission is to boldly explore new frontiers.
(我们的使命是勇敢地探索新领域。)
省略
to
的不定式 (Bare Infinitive):
在以下情况,不定式前的to
必须省略:情态动词后:
can
,could
,may
,might
,must
,shall
,should
,will
,would
(+ought to
是例外,带to
)I can swim.
(我会游泳。)You should go.
(你应该去。)
感官动词后作宾语补足语:
see
,hear
,watch
,notice
,feel
,observe
,listen to
,look at
(后接不带to
不定式强调动作的完成或全过程;接-ing
形式强调动作的进行片段)I saw him cross the street.
(我看见他过了马路。 - 强调“过”这个动作完成了)I heard her sing.
(我听见她唱歌了。 - 听见了唱歌这件事)
使役动词后作宾语补足语:
make
,let
,have
(表示“让/使某人做某事”)The teacher made us do extra homework.
(老师让我们做额外的作业。)Let me help you.
(让我帮你。)I'll have him call you back.
(我会让他给你回电话。)
某些固定短语后:
had better
,would rather
,would sooner
,cannot but
,do nothing but
等。You'd better see a doctor.
(你最好去看医生。)I'd rather stay home.
(我宁愿待在家里。)She did nothing but complain.
(她除了抱怨什么也没做。)
在助动词
do
构成的疑问句和否定句中: (但do
本身不是不定式)Do you like coffee?
(你喜欢咖啡吗?)I don't know.
(我不知道。)
在
why (not)
引导的疑问句中:Why not go now?
(为什么不现在去?)Why wait?
(为什么要等?)